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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fermatsches Prinzip</span></h1>
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<p>Das <b>Fermatsche Prinzip</b> (nach <a href="Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat">Pierre de Fermat</a>) besagt, dass Licht in einem Medium zwischen zwei Punkten Wege nimmt, auf denen seine Laufzeit sich bei kleinen Variationen des Weges nicht ändert, also stationär ist. Es wird auch <b>Prinzip des extremalen optischen Weges</b> oder <b>Prinzip der extremalen Laufzeit</b> genannt, weil die <a href="Optische_Wegl%C3%A4nge" title="Optische Weglänge">optische Weglänge</a> meist ein <a href="Extremum" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremum">Extremum</a> annimmt (sie kann aber auch einen <a href="Sattelpunkt" title="Sattelpunkt">Sattelpunkt</a> annehmen). Die Ursache liegt in der Wellennatur des Lichts und der damit verbundenen <a href="Interferenz_(Physik)" title="Interferenz (Physik)">Interferenz</a>. Auf nicht stationären Wegen variiert die Weglänge stark bei kleinen Variationen des Weges, die Interferenz ist folglich destruktiv.
</p><p>Aus dem Fermatschen Prinzip lassen sich das <a href="Snelliussches_Brechungsgesetz" title="Snelliussches Brechungsgesetz">snelliussche Brechungsgesetz</a> und das <a href="Reflexionsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexionsgesetz">Reflexionsgesetz</a> herleiten. Außerdem ergibt sich, dass Lichtstrahlen in jedem <a href="Homogenit%C3%A4t" title="Homogenität">homogenen</a> Medium gerade verlaufen. Dies leistet auch das <a href="Huygenssches_Prinzip" title="Huygenssches Prinzip">huygenssche Prinzip</a>, das die lokale Variante des Fermatschen Prinzips darstellt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ein_verwandtes_Beispiel">Ein verwandtes Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Die Herleitung des Brechungsgesetzes aus dem Fermatschen Prinzip ist verwandt mit der Frage, welchen Weg ein Rettungsschwimmer nehmen sollte, der jemanden aus dem Wasser retten will. Ziel ist es natürlich, dem Ertrinkenden möglichst schnell zu Hilfe zu kommen. Dazu läuft der Rettungsschwimmer schnell am Strand auf einen Punkt zu, von dem aus der Weg durch das Wasser kurz ist, da er sich dort nur langsam fortbewegen kann. Läuft er aber zu weit, dann wird der Anteil des Weges im Wasser kaum noch kürzer, aber die Strecke an Land deutlich länger. Im Allgemeinen ist der schnellste Weg nicht der kürzeste („Luftlinie“).
</p><p>Der Rettungsschwimmer muss aber nicht lange überlegen, denn wenn er den optimalen Punkt knapp verfehlt, ist die Zeit kaum länger, direkt am optimalen Punkt ändert sich die Zeit bei einer kleinen Variation gar nicht. Diese Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber kleinen Variationen ist eine Besonderheit des schnellsten Wegs. Sie ist der Kern des Fermatschen Prinzips.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung_des_Brechungsgesetzes">Herleitung des Brechungsgesetzes</h2></div>

<p>Aus dem Fermatschen Prinzip lässt sich das <a href="Brechungsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Brechungsgesetz">Brechungsgesetz</a> von Snellius herleiten:
</p><p>In Abbildung 1 legt der Lichtstrahl den Weg von links oben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=(0,a+b)}">
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<mi>A</mi>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f382f374ddbb179aa4d0a4319d6e8edddfc8addb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.915ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=(0,a+b)}" loading="lazy"></span>
über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=(x,b)}">
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<mi>P</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=(x,b)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09ece174535cedfb6113a4192b8245a356988eca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.014ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=(x,b)}" loading="lazy"></span> nach rechts unten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B=(d,0)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B=(d,0)}</annotation>
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Im oberen Medium sei die Lichtgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}}">
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<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77b7dc6d279091d354e0b90889b463bfa7eb7247.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und im unteren Teil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{2}}</annotation>
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Damit ergibt sich für die Laufzeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> in Abhängigkeit von der x-Position des Punktes P:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t(x)=t_{1}+t_{2}={\frac {l_{1}}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {l_{2}}{c_{2}}}={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}{c_{2}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t(x)=t_{1}+t_{2}={\frac {l_{1}}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {l_{2}}{c_{2}}}={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}{c_{2}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05fdf1131305e31b47549ef2f409a30b9a08db6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:58.347ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t(x)=t_{1}+t_{2}={\frac {l_{1}}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {l_{2}}{c_{2}}}={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}{c_{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach dem Fermatschen Prinzip nimmt das Licht den Weg mit einer extremalen Laufzeit. Durch Ableiten nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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<mi>x</mi>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> finden wir die Extremalwerte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;{\frac {dt}{dx}}={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}2x+{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}2(d-x)(-1)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;{\frac {dt}{dx}}={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}2x+{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}2(d-x)(-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7246ce15ca8f181ff714003d825762ab7a45dfba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:65.973ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;{\frac {dt}{dx}}={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}2x+{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}2(d-x)(-1)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {d-x}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {d-x}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9919d81ffa033896fa643b583f9dc95e3bdd8c59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:42.834ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {d-x}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {x}{l_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {x}{l_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0077f0a6fb2de3be8f3939cb3a1c3092ca94c03e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:24.67ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}{\frac {x}{l_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}{\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha ={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \alpha ={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5376623d7e9c26a13f0279c91a3cc19bcc0f2b36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.412ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha ={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \beta ={\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \beta ={\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/96dddbcba25fed3fe026c54fe074971f2e3f72e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.895ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \beta ={\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}\sin {\alpha }-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}\sin {\beta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}\sin {\alpha }-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}\sin {\beta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62b8789aa1f6ae50b6cdcf7f68b4badbe324409b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:25.944ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}\sin {\alpha }-{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}\sin {\beta }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12d4701c6bde3c311938903b2a674126a527f7ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.531ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es fehlt noch der Beweis, dass es die minimale Laufzeit ist.
</p><p>Lichtstrahlen folgen diesem Brechungsgesetz, <i>weil</i> es der schnellste Weg von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Es stellt sich die berechtigte Frage, woher das Licht im Voraus weiß, welches der schnellste Weg ist.
Die <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> liefert darauf folgende Antwort:
</p>
<dl><dd><i>Es probiert sie alle aus, und zwar gleichzeitig.</i></dd></dl>
<p>Vereinfacht kann man sagen, die Beiträge aller Alternativ-Wege löschen sich durch <a href="Koh%C3%A4renz_(Physik)" title="Kohärenz (Physik)">inkohärente</a> Überlagerung aus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung_des_Reflexionsgesetzes">Herleitung des Reflexionsgesetzes</h2></div>

<p>Ebenso wie das Brechungsgesetz lässt sich auch das Reflexionsgesetz mit Hilfe des Fermatschen Prinzips herleiten.
</p><p>In Abbildung 2 legt der Lichtstrahl den Weg von links <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=(0,a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=(0,a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7bf0c12241959ddabe1da9c9af7fe35c35648257.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.077ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=(0,a)}" loading="lazy"></span> nach rechts <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B=(d,b)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B=(d,b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97181198d073542e8ae964faddbca166dfbbfe75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.919ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B=(d,b)}" loading="lazy"></span> zurück und wird dabei in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=(x,0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=(x,0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/668978f63eba37b7f64bb7304cc66775792bd329.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.179ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=(x,0)}" loading="lazy"></span> am Spiegel reflektiert. Da der Strahl in einem (homogenen) Medium bleibt, gilt immer die gleiche Lichtgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Damit ergibt sich für die Laufzeit t in Abhängigkeit von der x-Position des Punktes P:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t(x)=t_{1}+t_{2}={\frac {l_{1}}{c}}+{\frac {l_{2}}{c}}={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}{c}}+{\frac {\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}{c}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t(x)=t_{1}+t_{2}={\frac {l_{1}}{c}}+{\frac {l_{2}}{c}}={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}{c}}+{\frac {\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}{c}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8adedd235a7267e1e32a9ac30dffa4a5cb3f0b1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:57.72ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t(x)=t_{1}+t_{2}={\frac {l_{1}}{c}}+{\frac {l_{2}}{c}}={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}{c}}+{\frac {\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}{c}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach dem Fermatschen Prinzip nimmt das Licht den Weg mit einer extremalen Laufzeit. Durch Ableiten nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> finden wir die Extremalwerte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;{\frac {dt}{dx}}={\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}2x+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}2(d-x)(-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;{\frac {dt}{dx}}={\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}2x+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}2(d-x)(-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c731d8a37f646d36fa3de287007d212694a5580.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:64.175ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;{\frac {dt}{dx}}={\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}2x+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}2(d-x)(-1)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch das Multiplizieren beider Seiten mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}-{\frac {d-x}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}-{\frac {d-x}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58fa845ce18e5e31de616d3712a914872f3ea817.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:37.04ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+a^{2}}}}-{\frac {d-x}{\sqrt {(d-x)^{2}+b^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}-{\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}-{\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c696c314b0c23ddbffa8ee3ada9d1f6a090b5d53.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.876ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow 0={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}-{\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha ={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \alpha ={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5376623d7e9c26a13f0279c91a3cc19bcc0f2b36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.412ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha ={\frac {x}{l_{1}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \beta ={\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \beta ={\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/96dddbcba25fed3fe026c54fe074971f2e3f72e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.895ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \beta ={\frac {d-x}{l_{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow \ 0=\sin {\alpha }-\sin {\beta }\Leftrightarrow \ \sin {\alpha }=\sin {\beta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow \ 0=\sin {\alpha }-\sin {\beta }\Leftrightarrow \ \sin {\alpha }=\sin {\beta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b6c99a5d71dbc20269438e94efb575698120c33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:36.941ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow \ 0=\sin {\alpha }-\sin {\beta }\Leftrightarrow \ \sin {\alpha }=\sin {\beta }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Weil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> zwei Winkel im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-{\tfrac {\pi }{2}},{\tfrac {\pi }{2}}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-{\tfrac {\pi }{2}},{\tfrac {\pi }{2}}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c0215b3d39f1ccb8768a392d7ab3e9af48661c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.692ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-{\tfrac {\pi }{2}},{\tfrac {\pi }{2}}]}" loading="lazy"></span> sind und der Sinus in diesem Intervall <a href="Injektivit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Injektivität">injektiv</a> ist, folgt das Reflexionsgesetz:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef6894a6c2f414b03c984a1c7f0639063b0020ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.918ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es fehlt noch der Beweis, dass es die minimale Laufzeit ist.
</p><p>Lichtstrahlen folgen diesem Reflexionsgesetz, <i>weil</i> es der schnellste Weg von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Die Herleitung des Reflexionsgesetzes folgt aus der des Brechungsgesetzes, wenn man beachtet, dass sich die Dreiecke „rechts unten“ (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span>) in den Diagrammen entsprechen.
Aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17b9e4950cefdef2ba976f649e3af33ff0ca06f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.562ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}=c_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}=c_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4c27606f0c5f01c2f39034675e08baad4c57c79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.221ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}=c_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt direkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b22a860ffa73417de2deea8f355d66bc2bd4aa6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.827ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sin {\beta }}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef6894a6c2f414b03c984a1c7f0639063b0020ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.918ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allgemeine_mathematische_Formulierung">Allgemeine mathematische Formulierung</h2></div>

<p>Mathematisch beschrieben, durchläuft das Licht in einem Medium mit dem <a href="Brechungsindex" title="Brechungsindex">Brechungsindex</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efcfb5557cd6fe3915d9e31b11e731e8feace024.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.534ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> von allen möglichen Bahnen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X^{t}\colon t\mapsto x(t)=\left(ct,{\vec {x}}(t)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X^{t}\colon t\mapsto x(t)=\left(ct,{\vec {x}}(t)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64d79d19b18866f3fb034208bc5b5e609d25f04b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.056ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X^{t}\colon t\mapsto x(t)=\left(ct,{\vec {x}}(t)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen zwei Punkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48cbadcb5839d2ba5c49bf8fb44a059159c4b967.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3a25c075e675e601e6a90dd5d752ca2f1a54fce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> genau die Bahn, auf der die Laufzeit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t[X]&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\,\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}n\left(X^{t}\right)\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} X^{t}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t\\&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\,\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}n\left(x(t)\right)\,{\sqrt {c^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t[X]&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\,\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}n\left(X^{t}\right)\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} X^{t}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t\\&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\,\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}n\left(x(t)\right)\,{\sqrt {c^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa1db220d43e1e10d3cdcaae22e8e1972be81eed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.171ex; width:43.916ex; height:15.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t[X]&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\,\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}n\left(X^{t}\right)\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} X^{t}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t\\&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\,\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}n\left(x(t)\right)\,{\sqrt {c^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>stationär ist. Die Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <a href="Lichtlaufzeit" title="Lichtlaufzeit">Lichtlaufzeit</a> zwischen beiden Punkten. Dies entspricht dem <a href="Hamiltonsches_Prinzip" title="Hamiltonsches Prinzip">Hamiltonschen Prinzip</a> der stationären Wirkung.
</p>

<p>Meist ist die Lichtlaufzeit ein Minimum, das heißt: Jede kleine Änderung der Bahn vergrößert die Laufzeit. Dies muss aber nicht immer so sein, wie Abbildung 3 zeigt.
Für eine Bahn zwischen den zwei Brennpunkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> sind drei mögliche Fälle eingezeichnet. Für eine beliebige Oberfläche am Rand dieser Ellipse gilt:
</p>
<ol><li>Bei Reflexion an einer Fläche mit einer geringeren Krümmung als jene der Ellipsoidfläche ist die Laufzeit minimal.</li>
<li>Bei Reflexion an der Ellipsoidfläche sind alle Punkte auf der Fläche gleichwertig: Bei Verschieben des Reflexionspunkts auf der Ellipsoidfläche ändert sich die Laufzeit nicht.</li>
<li>Bei Reflexion an einer Fläche mit einer größeren Krümmung als jene der Ellipsoidfläche ist die Laufdauer, verglichen mit benachbarten Reflexionspunkten auf dieser Fläche, maximal.</li>
<li>Es gibt auch Mischungen des ersten und dritten Falles: Nehmen wir (im zweidimensionalen Bild) in der linken Bildhälfte die <a href="Tangente" title="Tangente">Tangente</a> an den oberen Scheitelpunkt der Ellipse, gefolgt von einem im Innern der Ellipse befindlichen Halbkreisbogen, so ist die Reflexion an dem Übergangspunkt zwischen Tangente und Kreis ein Sattelpunkt der Weglänge; sie wird nach links größer, nach rechts kleiner, ist aber trotzdem bei diesem Punkt stationär (würde man die Weglänge als Graph über der x-Achse zeichnen, hätte dieser einen Sattelpunkt).</li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Das_Fermatsche_Prinzip_in_einem_inhomogenen_Medium">Das Fermatsche Prinzip in einem inhomogenen Medium</h2></div>
<p>In einem <a href="Inhomogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhomogen">inhomogenen</a> Medium mit ortsabhängigem Brechungsindex durchläuft das Licht gekrümmte Bahnen. Daher erscheint zum Beispiel die untergehende Sonne abgeflacht, denn die Lichtstrahlen vom oberen Rand der Sonne werden weniger gebrochen als die vom unteren Rand.
</p><p>Das Phänomen der <a href="Fata_Morgana" title="Fata Morgana">Fata Morgana</a> hat seine Ursache ebenfalls in einem optisch inhomogenen Medium. Über heißem Boden, etwa einer sonnenbeschienenen Straße, bildet sich eine heiße <a href="Luftschicht" title="Luftschicht">Luftschicht</a>, deren Brechungsindex geringer ist als die der kühleren Luft darüber. Die Lichtstrahlen, die flach auf die heiße Luftschicht treffen, werden nach oben zurück reflektiert.
</p><p><a href="Johann_I_Bernoulli" title="Johann I Bernoulli">Johann I Bernoulli</a> wandte 1696 das Fermatsche Prinzip auf ein <a href="Optik" title="Optik">optisches</a> Medium mit veränderlichem <a href="Brechungsindex" title="Brechungsindex">Brechungsindex</a> an, um die Form der <a href="Brachistochrone" title="Brachistochrone">Brachistochrone</a> zu ermitteln, und begründete damit die <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsrechnung</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Florian_Scheck" title="Florian Scheck">Florian Scheck</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Theoretische Physik 3. Klassische Feldtheorie</cite>. ISBN 3-540-42276-5 (Kapitel 4.4 Geometrische Optik, 4.4.3 Medien mit negativem Brechungsindex).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Fermatsches+Prinzip&amp;rft.au=Florian+Scheck&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretische+Physik+3.+Klassische+Feldtheorie&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540422765" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Roger_Erb" title="Roger Erb">Roger Erb</a>: <i>Geometrische Optik mit dem Fermat-Prinzip</i> In: <i>Physik in der Schule.</i> 30, Nr. 9, 1992, S. 291–295.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
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